flee and

φεύγω, Il.21.472, etc.: [dialect] Ep. inf. φευγέμεν, φευγέμεναι, 10.147, 21.13; [tense] impf.

A

ἔφευγον 22.158

, etc., Poet.

φεῦγον 9.478

, Tyrt.5.8, Pi.N. 9.13: iter.

φεύγεσκον Il.17.461

, Hdt.4.43: [tense] fut.

φεύξομαι Il.18.307

, etc.; also φευξοῦμαι in E. and Com., E.Med. 341, 346, Hel. 500, 1041, Ba. 659, Ar.Ach. 203 (cod. R), 1129, Pl. 447, Av. 932 ([etym.] ἀπο-), Men. 283 (but dub. where found in [dialect] Att. Prose, Pl.Lg. 635c, al., D.38.19; φευξεῖται is dub. l. in IPE12.24.11 (Olbia, iv B. C.); [tense] fut. [voice] Act. ἐκ-φεύξω only late, v.l. in Aesop.349b, cf. Chambry ii p.479): [tense] aor. ἔφῠγον, [dialect] Ion.

φύγεσκον Od.17.316

: [tense] pf.

πέφευγα Hdt.7.154

codd. (v. infr.11.1a); opt.

πεφεύγοι Il.21.609

(

ἐκ-πεφευγοίην S.OT 840

), part.

πεφευγότες Od.1.12

; part. [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. πεφυγμένος in act. sense, Il.6.488, Od.1.18, etc. (in pass. sense, Epicur.Fr. 423); [dialect] Ep. πεφυζότες (cf. φύζα) Il.21.6, 528, 532, 22.1, later sg.

πεφυζώς Nic.Th. 128

; [dialect] Aeol. πεφύγγων, v. φυγγάνω:—[voice] Med., μὴ φεύγησθε Anon.Hist. in PLit.Lond. 115: [tense] aor. 1 δια-φεύξασθαι Decr.Ath. in Hp.Ep.25.

I abs., flee, take flight, opp. διώκω, Il.22.157, etc.;

βῆ φεύγων ἐπὶ πόντον 2.665

;

πῇ φεύγεις; 8.94

;

πόσε φεύγετε; 16.422

;

ποῖ φύγωμεν.. χθονός; A.Supp. 777

(lyr.);

ποῖ τις οὖν φύγῃ; S.Aj. 403

(lyr.);

ἐνθένδε ἐκεῖσε φ. Pl.Tht. 176b

: with Preps.,

φ. ἀπό τινος Od.12.120

;

φεύξονται ἀφ' ἑαυτῶν εἰς φιλοσοφίαν Pl.Tht. 168a

, etc.; ἐκ πολέμοιο, ἐκ θανάτοιο, Il.7.118, 20.350;

ἐκ κακῶν πεφευγέναι S.Ant. 437

, cf. Hdt.1.65;

ὑπὲκ κακοῦ Il.15.700

, cf. 17.461 (rarely c. gen. only, πεφυγμένος ἦεν ἀέθλων (v. infr. 11) Od.1.18;

τῆς νόσου πεφευγέναι S.Ph. 1044

);

φ. ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν Il. 2.140

, 159, al.; ἐπὶ Σάρδεων, ἐπὶ τὸν Ἑλικῶνα, X.Cyr.7.2.1, Ages. 2.11;

πρὸς τὸ ὄρος Id.HG3.5.19

;

ὑπὸ γᾶν A.Eu. 175

(lyr.);

ὑπὸ δελφῖνος ἰχθύες φ. Il.21.23

, cf. 554 (cf. infr. 111.2): c. acc. cogn., φύγε λαιψηρὸν δρόμον ran the course full swiftly, Pi.P.9.121;

τίνα φυγὴν φευξούμεθα; E.Hel. 1041

; φ. τὴν παρὰ θάλασσαν (sc. ὁδόν) flee by the shore route, Hdt.4.12; cf. infr. 111; for φυγῇ φεύγειν, v. infr. 11.1,

φυγή 1.1

.

2 [tense] pres. and [tense] impf. tenses prop. express only the purpose or endeavour to get away: hence part. φεύγων is added to the compd. Verbs καταφεύγω, ἐκφεύγω, προφεύγω, to distinguish the attempt from the accomplishment, βέλτερον, ὃς φεύγων προφύγῃ κακὸν ἠὲ ἁλώῃ it is better that one should flee and escape than stay and be caught, Il.14.81;

φεύγων ἐκφεύγει Hdt.5.95

, cf. Ar.Ach. 177;

φ. καταφυγεῖν Hdt.4.23

.

3 φ. εἰς .. have recourse to.. take refuge in..,

ἐς τοὺς ἀφώνους μάρτυρας E.Hipp. 1076

.

4 c. inf., shun or shrink from doing, Hdt.4.76, Antipho 1.13, Pl.Ap. 26a; with inf. omitted,

φεύγουσι γάρ τοι χοἱ θρασεῖς

shrink back,

S.Ant. 580

.

II c. acc., flee, avoid, escape,

Ἕκτορα Il.11.327

, etc.;

φ. τινὰ ἐκ μάχης Hdt.7.104

;

φ. ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην τοὺς Σκύθας Id.4.12

;

φ. θάνατον Il.1.60

;

ἔνθ' ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες, ὅσοι φύγον αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον, οἴκοι ἔσαν πόλεμόν τε πεφευγότες ἠδὲ θάλασσαν Od.1.11

; ἔφυγον κακόν, εὗρον ἄμεινον, formula used by μύσται, D.18.259; with modal dat., φ. ὄνειδος λόγοις, ἀμαχανίαν ἔργῳ, Pi.O.6.90, P.9.92; avoid, shun,

χρὴ.. φεύγειν τὰ παχύνοντα Gal.Vict.Att.12

;

τὴν ἀργίαν καὶ τὴν ἀκινησίαν τοῦ σώματος Sor.1.93

, cf. 46, al.; φόνον φ. flee the consequences of the murder, E.Med. 796;

αἷμα συγγενὲς φ. χθονός Id.Supp. 148

;

τὰν Διὸς μῆτιν φ. A.Pr. 906

(lyr.);

ὀσμὴν.., μὴ βάλῃ, πεφευγότες S.Ant. 412

;

φεύγων φυγῇ τὸ γῆρας Pl.Smp. 195b

;

ἐς πόντον.. φύγε πέτρας νηῦς Od. 10.131

; οὐδεμία [πόλις] πέφευγε (sed fort. leg. ἀπέφυγε) δουλοσύνην πρὸς Ἱπποκράτεος at the hands of.., Hdt.7.154: part. [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. also retains the acc. in Hom. in periphrastic phrases,

μοῖραν δ' οὔ τινά φημι πεφυγμένον ἔμμεναι ἀνδρῶν Il.6.488

;

πεφυγμένον ἔμμεν ὄλεθρον Od.9.455

;

οὔ οἱ νῦν ἔτι γ' ἔστι πεφυγμένον ἄμμε γενέσθαι Il.22.219

, cf. h.Ven. 34:—but in pass. sense, τὸ πάραυτα πεφυγμένον κακόν Epicur.l.c.

b seek to avoid, shirk,

στρατείαν D.21.162

;

εἰ τοῦτο φεύξονται καὶ μὴ 'θελήσουσι ποιεῖν Id.20.138

; so in [tense] aor.,

ἢν φύγῃ τις, ζημιοῦν Ar.Ach. 717

.

2 of things,

ἡνίοχον φύγον ἡνία

escaped, slipped from his hands,

Il.23.465

;

Νέστορα δ' ἐκ χειρῶν φύγον ἡνία 8.137

, cf. 11.128; τὸ φεῦγον the part which slips, X.Eq. 10.9, cf. Hp.Off.9, Gal.18(2).735: c. dupl. acc.,

ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων Il.4.350

, Od.1.64, etc.

b of wine, 'go off', turn sour, Gp.7.7.8.

III flee one's country, Il. 9.478, Od.13.259; οἱ φεύγοντες the exiles, Th.1.24, X.Ages.7.6;

πατρίδα φ. Od.15.228

, X.Cyr.3.1.24;

τὴν αὑτοῦ Th.5.26

;

ἅπασαν τὴν Ἀθηναίων ξυμμαχίδα IG12.10.30

;

φ. ἐξ Ἄργεος Od.15.224

, cf. Th.8.85; ἐξ Ἀθηνέων, ἐκ τῆς πατρίδος, Hdt.6.103, X.An.1.3.3.

2 φ. ὑπὸ Σκυθέων to be expelled, driven out by.. Hdt.4.125: but esp. to be exiled,

φ. ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου Id.5.30

, X.HG1.1.27; φ. ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου by their sentence, Din.1.44: also c. acc.,

φ. Πεισιστρατίδας Hdt. 5.62

.

3 abs., go into exile, live in banishment, A.Ag. 1668 (troch.), Antipho 2.2.9, Pl.Mx. 242b;

δύο ἔτη φευγέτω Id.Lg. 867c

; φ. ἀειφυγίαν to be banished for life, ib. 871d, al.;

φεόγειν Ἀμφίπολιν ἀειφυγίην SIG194.3

, cf. 24 (Amphipolis, iv B. C.); but also

ἐν ἀειφυγίᾳ Pl.Lg. 877e

;

φεύγων ἀπ' οἴκων ἃς ἐγὼ φεύγω φυγάς E.Andr. 976

; φεύγοντες being in exile, opp.

φυγόντες

having gone into exile,

Lys.14.33

; with play on words, "μέχρι τίνος φεύξῃ, Ἀρκαδίων; καὶ ὅς, ἔς τ' ἂν τοὺς ἀφίκωμαι οἳ οὐκ ἴσασι Φίλιππον" Duris 3 J.

IV as law-term (mostly in [tense] pres. and [tense] impf., but cf. Lys.12.4 (v. infr.)), to be accused or prosecuted at law: ὁ φεύγων the accused, defendant, Ar.V. 893, Pl.R. 405b, etc.; opp.

διώκω, οὔτε φεύγων ἁλοὺς οὔτε διώκων ἡττηθείς D.23.66

; c. acc., φ. γραφάς, δίκην, Ar.Eq. 442 (lyr.), Nu. 167;

ὑπό τινος δίκας φ. Pl.Ap. 19c

, cf. D.49.1;

οὐδενὶ πώποτε οὔτε ἡμεῖς οὔτε ἐκεῖνος δίκην οὔτε ἐδικασάμεθα οὔτε ἐφύγομεν Lys.

l. c.;

φ. ἀπολογίας Aeschin.3.201

; the crime being added in gen.,

φόνου δίκην φ. Antipho 5.9

;

γραφὰς φ. παρανόμων D.18.235

; more freq. c. gen. only, φ. φόνου to be charged with murder, Lys.10.31, Lycurg.133, etc.;

φ. δειλίας Ar. Ach. 1129

;

ξενίας Id.V. 718

(anap.); with gen. of the penalty,

ἐὰν.. φεύγῃ δεσμῶν OGI218.92

(Ilium, iii B. C.); also

περὶ θανάτου φ. Antipho 5.95

;

φ. ἐπὶ μηνύσει τινός And.1.18

; ἀσεβείας φ. ὑπό τινος is accused of impiety by.., Pl.Ap. 35d; rarely of things, τὸ φεῦγον ψήφισμα the decree that is on its defence, the decree in question, D.23.58:—in Hdt.7.214 αἰτίην φ. has the older sense, flee from a charge, quit one's country on account of a charge.

2 plead in defence, δεῖ τοί σε φεύγειν.. ὡς οὐκ ἔχουσι κῦρος [οἱ νόμοι] A.Supp. 390; ἔφευγε μὴ εἰδέναι pleaded ignorance, S.Ant. 263, (Cf. Lat.fugio, Goth. biugan 'bend', etc.)

κατα-φεύγω, [tense] fut. -

A

φεύξομαι D.8.41

:— flee for refuge, ἐς τὸ [ ἱρόν] Hdt. 2.113, cf. 1.145;

ἐπὶ Διὸς βωμόν Id.5.46

: c. acc.,

οὐκ ἔχω βωμὸν κ. E.IA 911

(troch.); - πεφευγέναι ἐν τόπῳ flee and take refuge in.., Pl.Sph. 260c, cf. X. HG4.5.5; ἐκεῖ, ἐνθάδε κ., Th.3.71, Isoc.14.28; ὅποι .. X. Mem.3.8.10; κ. εἴς τινα flee for protection to him,

ὃς ἂν φεύγων καταφύγῃ ἐς τούτους Hdt.4.23

;

εἰς ὑμᾶς κ. καὶ ἀντιβολῶ And.1.149

;

ἐπί τινα D.18.19

, etc.;

πρὸς ὑμᾶς Id.8.41

;

παρ' ἡμῖν Isoc.12.194

.

2 ἐκ τῆς μάχης κ. escape from.., Hdt.6.75: abs., ἄνω μάλ' εἶσι καταφυγών (sc. ὁ ἀτμός) Alex. 124.17.

3 have recourse,

εἰς ἔλεον Antipho 3.2.2

;

εἰς σωτηρίαν Id.2.4.1

;

εἰς τοὺς λόγους Pl.Phd. 99e

, cf. 76e;

εἰς ὅρκον Arist.Rh.Al. 1432a38

;

ἐπὶ τὰς μηχανάς Pl.Cra. 425d

;

ἐπὶ τὸν δικαστήν Arist.EN 1132a20

; ἐπὶ τὸν λόγον ib. 1105b13;

ἐπὶ Καρχηδονίους Plb.1.10.1

, cf. Plu.Cam.7;

πρὸς θεῶν εὐχάς Pl.Phdr. 244e

;

ὥς τινας Plb.24.10.11

: c. dat.,

τῇ μητρί Ctes.Fr.29.57

.

4 εἰς τὴν τοῦ βίου μετριότητα κ. fall back upon, appeal to.., D.25.76; ἐπὶ τὸ φάσκειν .. Phld. D.3.8.

φεύγω fut. φεύξομαι; 2 aor. ἔφυγον; pf. πέφυγα LXX (Hom.)

① to seek safety in flight, flee, Mt 8:33; 26:56; Mk 5:14; 14:50, 52 (mng. 2 is also poss.; cp. PTebt 48, 23f); Lk 8:34; J 10:12, 13 v.l.; Ac 7:29; GPt 13:57; AcPl Ha 4, 1; 9; 5, 8;12;17; ἀπό (X., Cyr. 7, 2, 4, Mem. 2, 6, 31; Arrian, Ind. 6, 5; Ex 4:3; 2 Km 19:10; PsSol 17:16; TestDan 5:1; JosAs 5:2 [ἀπὸ προσώπου]; Jos., Bell. 1, 474) Mk 16:8; J 10:5; Js 4:7=Hm 12, 4, 7; cp. 12, 5, 2; Rv 9:6 (death will elude them); 1 Cl 4:10; 28:2; Hm 11:14; 12, 2, 4 (w. μακράν). ἐκ (Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 583 D.; Jos., Ant. 14, 177) Ac 27:30. εἰς (X., Mem. 1, 2, 24; Gen 14:10; Num 24:11; JosAs 28:7 εἰς τὴν ὕλην; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 1 Jac.; Jos., Ant. 14, 418 εἰς τὰ ὄρη) Mt 2:13; 10:23; 24:16; Mk 13:14; Lk 21:21 (cp. 1 Macc 2:28); J 6:15 v.l.; Rv 12:6. ἐπί w. acc. ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Mt 24:16 v.l. (X., Ages. 2, 11; JosAs 27:7 ἐπὶ τὴν ὕλην).—RBach, Die Aufforderungen zur Flucht und zum Kampf im alttestamentlichen Prophetenspruch ’62.

② to become safe from danger by eluding or avoiding it, escape Mk 14:52 (mng. 1 is also prob.); Hb 12:25 v.l. W. the acc. of that which one escapes (Artem. 1, 21; 4, 1 p. 200, 24; Jos., Vi. 94, Ant. 6, 344; Just., A I, 12, 11 ἄγνοιαν) ἔφυγον στόματα μαχαίρης 11:34. τὸ αἰώνιον (πῦρ) MPol 2:3. Cp. 2 Cl 18:2. ἀπό Mt 3:7; 23:33; Lk 3:7 (cp. Il. 20, 350).— Guard against w. acc. τὰς ἀπειλάς the threats, i.e. the punishments which they hold in prospect 1 Cl 58:1.

③ to keep from doing someth. by avoiding it because of its potential damage, flee from, avoid, shun, fig. ext. of 1, and in a moral sense w. acc. of thing (Zaleucus in Stob. IV p. 125, 12 H. τ. ἀδικίαν; Cleobulus in Diog. L. 1, 92; Epict. 1, 7, 25; SIG 1268 I, 3 [III B.C.] ἄδικα φεῦγε; 4 Macc 8:19; Just., A I, 43, 3) φεύγετε τὴν πορνείαν (TestReub 5:5) 1 Cor 6:18. In contrast to διώκειν 1 Ti 6:11 and 2 Ti 2:22 (beside διώκειν, φεύγειν τι may have the mng. ‘run away from’ as schol. on Nicander, Ther. 75).—1 Cl 30:1; 2 Cl 10:1; ITr 11:1; IPhld 2:1; 6:2; 7:2; ISm 7:2; IPol 5:1. Also ἀπό τινος (Sir 21:2 ἀπὸ ἁμαρτίας) 1 Cor 10:14; B 4:1, 10; D 3:1; H 37, 3 v.l. (for ἀφέξῃ).

④ to cease being visible, vanish, disappear (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 28) πᾶσα νῆσος ἔφυγεν Rv 16:20. W. ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου τινός (as Ps 67:2; cp. also Dt 28:7; Josh 8:5; yet likew. as early as Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 9, 1, 3 p. 454, 16 Jac. φυγεῖν ἀπὸ προσώπου Κύρου and schol. on Nicander, Ther. 377 in a free quot. from Herodas [8, 59] φεύγωμεν ἐκ προσώπου) 20:11. Or does the writer focus on cessation from existence rather than on invisibility?—B. 698. DELG. M-M.

ἀπονωτίζω

turn one's back and flee: aor inf mid

ἀπονωτίζω

turn one's back and flee: aor inf mid

ἀπονωτίζω

turn one's back and flee: aor inf mid

ἀπονωτίζω

turn one's back and flee: aor inf mid

ἀπενώτιζον, ἀπονωτίζω

turn one's back and flee: imperf ind act 3rd pl

ἀπενώτιζον, ἀπονωτίζω

turn one's back and flee: imperf ind act 1st sg

ἐπενώτιζον, ἐπινωτίζω

attack from behind: imperf ind act 3rd pl

ἐπενώτιζον, ἐπινωτίζω

attack from behind: imperf ind act 1st sg

ἀπενώτιζον, ἀπονωτίζω

turn one's back and flee: imperf ind act 3rd pl

ἀπενώτιζον, ἀπονωτίζω

turn one's back and flee: imperf ind act 1st sg

ἐπενώτιζον, ἐπινωτίζω

attack from behind: imperf ind act 3rd pl

ἐπενώτιζον, ἐπινωτίζω

attack from behind: imperf ind act 1st sg

τρέω, Hom. (v. infr.), A.Th. 790 (lyr.): [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

A

τρέον Hes.Sc. 213

, [ per.] 2 dual τρεέτην ib. 171: [tense] aor.

ἔτρεσα Il.11.745

, [dialect] Ep.

τρέσσα 17.603

: later [dialect] Ep. [tense] pres. [full] τρείω Opp.C.1.417, ([etym.] ὑπο- ) Timo 58.4:—this Verb is never contracted, except when the contraction is into ει:— flee from fear, flee away (Aristarch. held this to be the usual meaning in Homer),

τρεῖν μ' οὐκ ἐᾷ Παλλάς Il.5.256

;

μήτε.. τρέε μήτε τι τάρβει 21.288

;

τρέσσε δὲ παπτήνας 11.546

, 17.603; τρεῖτ' ἄσπετον ib. 332: the sense of fleeing is most apparent in the phrases

ἔτρεσαν ἄλλυδις ἄλλος 11.745

,

τρέσσαν δ' ἄλλυδις ἄλλη Od.6.138

,

τ. τεῖχος ὕπο Il.22.143

;

τρεέτην Hes.Sc. 171

;

μὴ τρέσητε A.Supp. 711

; μὴ τρέσας without fear, Id.Th. 436;

οὐδὲν τρέσας Pl.Phd. 117b

; but,

2 τρέσας (cf.

ἀνδρῶν τρεσσάντων Il.14.522

, Tyrt.11.14) was a technical term at Sparta, and sts. used where we might say runaway, coward,

ὁ τρέσας Ἀριστόδημος Hdt.7.231

, cf. Tyrt.l.c., AP7.230 (Eryc.);

οἱ ἐν τῇ μάχῃ καταδειλιάσαντες, οὓς αὐτοὶ τρέσαντας ὀνομάζουσι Plu.Ages.30

, cf. Lyc. 21, 2.191c, etc.:—and later a real Subst. was used in Com., [full] τρεσᾶς, τρεσᾶ, acc. τρεσᾶν, Eust.772.12, cf. Gramm. ap. Gaisford Choeroboscus1p.43.

3 in Argive Prose, like [dialect] Att. φεύγω, to be banished,

τρἐτο ¯ καὶ δαμευέσσθο ¯ IG4.554

(vi/v B. C.).

II trans., fear, dread, be afraid of, c. acc., Il.11.554, Pi.Pae.4.40, A.Th. 397, Ag. 549, al., S. Ant. 1042, E.Ph. 1077;

ἄρκτον.. οὐκ ἔτρεσεν X.An.1.9.6

:—so also c. gen., κελάδοιο, δηϊοτῆτος, Hes.Th. 850: τ. μὴ .. A.Th. 790 (lyr.).— Rare in Prose. (Cf. Skt. trásati 'to be terrified', Gr. ἄτρεστος.)

φέβομαι, poet. [voice] Pass., only [tense] pres. and [tense] impf.,

A = φοβέομαι, to be put to flight, flee in terror,

οἱ δ' ἐφέβοντο κατὰ μέγαρον Od.22.299

;

ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα φέβοντο Il. 15.345

;

ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα διωκέμεν ἠδὲ φέβεσθαι 8.107

;

αἴ κε φέβωμαι πληθὺν ταρβήσας 11.404

;

μένον ἔμπεδον οὐδὲ φέβοντο 5.527

;

ὑπ' Ἀργείοισι φέβοντο 11.121

;

πεδίονδε φέβεσθαι A.R. 3.1345

: c. acc., flee from,

φεβώμεθα Τυδέος υἱόν Il.5.232

. (Cf. φόβος, φοβέω, φοβερός, Lith. bègti 'run'.)

φύξῐμος, ον, ([etym.] φεύγω) older and poet. form of φεύξιμος, of places,

A whither one can flee, or where one can take refuge, ὅθι μοι φάτο φύξιμον εἶναι where she said it was possible for me to escape, Od.5.359;

φ. τόπος Plb.13.6.9

;

φύξιμον οὐδέν Id.9.29.4

;

ἱερὸν φ.

an asylum,

Plu.Rom.9

; φ. λιμήν a harbour of refuge, Id.2.823a: cf. φύξιον.

II which one can escape; hence, affording a chance of recovery,

νοῦσος Hp.Int.2

; avoidable,

ἦμαρ Max.358

.

2 which one would flee from, i. e. loathsome,

ὀδμή Simon.250

, Nic.Th.54 (s.v.l.).

III c. acc., σ' ἀθανάτων φύξιμος οὐδείς is able to escape thee, S.Ant. 788 (lyr.).

ἀποδῐδράσκω, [dialect] Ion. [suff] ἀποδια-ήσκω, [tense] fut. -δράσομαι, [dialect] Ion. - δρήσομαι: [tense] pf.

A

- δέδρᾱκα Men.Sam. 143

, Phld.Rh.1.199 S.: [tense] aor. ἀπέδραν, [dialect] Ion. -έδρην, opt.

ἀποδραίην Thgn.927

, imper.

ἀπόδρᾱθι Ph.1.90

, inf. ἀποδρᾶναι, [dialect] Ion. -δρῆναι, part. ἀποδράς—the only form found in Hom.; the other tenses in Hdt., etc., [tense] pf. part.

ἀποδεδρακότες X.An.6.4.8

:—run away, escape or flee from, esp. by stealth, Hom. (never in Il.),

ἐκ νηὸς ἀποδράς Od.16.65

;

νηὸς ἀ. 17.516

;

ἀ. ἐκ τῆς Σάμου Hdt.3.148

;

ἐς Σάμον 4.43

;

ἐπὶ θάλασσαν 6.2

;

ἀποδρᾶσα ᾤχετο And.1.125

, cf. 4.17, Ar.Ec. 196, Pl.Tht. 203d; of runaway slaves, X.An.1.4.8 (ἀποδρᾶναι τὸ ἀναχωρήσαντά τινα εὔδηλον εἶναι ὅπου ἐστίν, ἀποφεύγειν δὲ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι ἐπιληφθῆναι Ammon.p.19 V.);

σώματα ἀποδράντα IG22.584

; of soldiers, desert, X.An.5.6.34; ἀποδιδράσκοντα μὴ δύνασθαι ἀποδρᾶναι attempting to escape not to be able to escape, Pl.Prt. 317a, cf. 310c.

2 c. acc., flee, shun, Hdt.2.182, Ar. Pax 234, etc.;

ἀπέδρασαν αὐτόν Th.1.128

; evade,

τὸν νόμον Arist.Pol. 1270b35

;

οὐκ ἀπέδρα τὴν στρατείαν D.21.165

; ὅτε.. τὸ σὸν ὄμμ' ἀπέδραν (poet. for ἀπέδρασαν) S.Aj. 167.—Rare in Trag. (Cf. Skt. δρᾱτι 'run'.)

ὑπεκπρο-φεύγω,

A flee away secretly, escape and flee,

ὑπεκπροφυγών Il. 20.147

, 21.44;

πῇ κεν ὑπεκπροφύγοιμι; Od.20.43

: c. acc.,

εἴ πως.. ὑπεκπροφύγοιμι Χάρυβδιν 12.113

;

ὅτ' ἀνὴρ ὑπεκπροφύγῃ κακότητα Hes.Sc.42

.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: On the meaning below; in Hom. only in ἀτίμητον μετανάστην (I 648 = P 59); posthom. `migrant, emigrant, fugitive' (Hdt. 7, 161 of the Athenians, Arat., Ph., pap.), f. - στις (Ph.) and - στρια (AP; like ἀγύρτης: ἀγύρτρια etc.); adj. μετανάστ-ιος `migrating, wandering' (AP, Nonn.), verb μεταναστ-εύω, - εύομαι `drive out, wander out, flee' (LXX, Str., Ph.).

Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]

Etymology: Already by Hdt. and his contemporaries understood as `wanderer' and as μετ-ανά-στη-ς connected with μετ-ανα-στῆ-ναι, μετ-ανάστασις `move, amigrate', resp. `removal, emigration' (Hdt., Th., Hp.), an interpretation, which J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 346 f. with Eust. a. o. (s. Schulze KZ 33, 137 = Kl. Schr. 372) with general approval (Schulze l.c., Bechtel Lex. s.v., Fraenkel KZ 42, 262 a. Nom. ag. 1, 129, Schwyzer 424 a. 451) worked out further. It would then however with metric-rhythmically conditioned haplology stand for *μετανα-στά-της (Fraenkel Glotta 1, 270ff.; cf. ἐπι-, παρα-, προ-στά-της etc.); an old root-noun μετανά-στη-ς as Skt. ni-ṣṭhā́-s, prati-ṣṭhā́-s a. o. (Schmidt l.c.) has no immediate agreement in Greek. As however this apparently further convincing interpretation is in conflict with the Homer. use of μετά and ἀνίστασθαι, Wackernagel Syntax 2, 246f. went back with Funck Curt. Stud. 9, 134 to the explanation (already given in the Thes.) as μετα-νάσ-της, from *μετα-ναίω `live with' like μεταναιέ-της (Hes.), - τάω (h. Cer.) `who lives with, live with'. As old parallel formation to Att. μέτ-οικος, Arg. πεδά-Ϝοικος and to μετοικέται κατὰ μέσον οἰκοῦντες H. μετανάστης will originally and still in Hom. have meant `who lives with, who lives among others (as foreigner), inhabitant'. Because of the disappearance of the verbal form with - νασ- and the gradual advance of μετα- `around' against μετα- `with' μετανάστης was already in class. times associted with the living μεταναστῆναι, μετανά-στασις. -- The deviating view of Leumann, Hom. Wörter 183 w. n. 30, μετα-νάσ-της would prop. be `migrant, in-wandrer', from μετα-ναίω `move', has the same objections as the connection with μεταναστῆναι.

Page in Frisk: 2,217-218

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to open'.

Other forms: and οἴγω, Aeol. inf. ὀείγην (SGDI 214, 43), later also ἀν-οιγνύω (Demetr. Eloc.), ipf. ὠΐγνυντο (Β 809, Θ 58), ἀνα-οίγεσκον (Ω 455), -ῳ̃γον, - έῳγον, aor. οἶξαι ( ᾦξε, ὤϊξε Hom., ἀν-έῳξε Hom., Att.), pass. οἰχθῆναι (Pi., Att.), fut. οἴξω, perf. ἀν-έῳγα (intr. Hp. and late), with - έῳχα, *έῳγμαι (Att.), ὤϊκται (Herod.), ἀν-ῳ̃κται (Theoc.),

Compounds: Mostly w. prefix esp. ἀν-, from which a.o. ὑπ-, παρ-ανοίγνυμι, ὑπ-, συν-ανοίγω with ἤνοιγον, ἤνοιξα, ἠνοίχθην, ἠνοίγην, ἠνέῳξα etc. (X., LXX).

Derivatives: Few derivv. ἄνοιξις f. `opening' (Th., Thphr.), ἄνοιγ-μα n. `opening' (LXX), - εύς m. `opener' (Dam. Pr.), ἐπανοίκ-τωρ (Man.), - της (Arg. Man.) m. `springer'. As 2. member in πιθ-οίγ-ια n. pl. `opening of a barrel', opening feast of the Anthesterien in Athens (Plu.). The judgment of these forms is partly uncertain and disputable. Starting from the inscriptional attested ὀείγην, i.e. ὀ-(Ϝ)είγην, with zero grade ὠ-(Ϝ)ίγ-νυντο (cf. ἴγνυντο ἠνοίγοντο H.; very uncertain), Fick and Bechtel (s. Lex. s. v.) want to replace the suspected ep. ἀναοίγεσκον as well as ep. ἀνέῳγε, ἀνέῳξε by *ἀν-ο-(Ϝ)είγεσκον, *ἀν-ό-(Ϝ)ειγε, *ἀν-ό-(Ϝ)ειξε, where ὀ- would be either prothetic or prefixal (cf. ὀ-κέλλω and 2. ὀ-).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1130] *h₃u̯eig- `make give way'

Etymology: The judgment of these forms is partly uncertain and disputable. Starting from the inscriptional attested ὀείγην, i.e. ὀ-(Ϝ)είγην, with zero grade ὠ-(Ϝ)ίγ-νυντο (cf. ἴγνυντο ἠνοίγοντο H.; very uncertain), Fick and Bechtel (s. Lex. s. v.) want to replace the suspected ep. ἀναοίγεσκον as well as ep. ἀνέῳγε, ἀνέῳξε by *ἀν-ο-(Ϝ)είγεσκον, *ἀν-ό-(Ϝ)ειγε, *ἀν-ό-(Ϝ)ειξε, where ὀ- would be either prothetic or prefixal (cf. ὀ-κέλλω and 2. ὀ-). Not certainly explained. With Ϝιγ-, Ϝειγ- agree formally Skt. (midd.) vij-áte, vej-ate `give ground, flee', to which a.o. Skt. véga- = Av. vaēγa- m. (IE *u̯óigo-s) `violent movement, pressure, clash, blow' (further s. εἴκω); so ὀ-(Ϝ)εί-γω, ὀ-(Ϝε)ίγ-νυμι prop. `make give way, push, open (a door)'? (Bechtel Lex. s.v. after Wackernagel). -- Diff., hardly to be preferred, Brugmann IF 29, 238 ff.: from *Ϝο-(ε)ιγ- to ἐπ-είγω with the same prefix as in Ϝο-φληκόσι, s. ὀφείλω. -- On the individual forms cf. Schwyzer 653 n. 10 w. lit. (also 412, 434 w. n. 3, 772), Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1. 152, 303 a. 480. S. also ἐπῳχατο. The analysis leads to *h₃u̯(e)ig-.

Page in Frisk: 2,356-357

ὁρμάω, [tense] fut.

A

- ήσω Pl.Lg. 875b

: [tense] aor.

ὥρμησα Il.6.338

, Pl. Ion 534c; [dialect] Lacon. imper. ὅρμᾱον, i.e. ὅρμαὁν, = ὅρμησον, Ar.Lys. 1247: [tense] pf.

ὥρμηκα Pl.Plt. 265a

:—[voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., Pi.N.1.5, A.Pr. 339, Hdt.1.17, etc.: [dialect] Ep. [tense] impf.

ὡρμᾶτο Il.3.142

: [tense] fut.

ὁρμήσομαι Hdt.5.34

, X.Cyr.7.1.9,

ὁρμηθήσομαι Gal.5.85

: [tense] aor.

ὡρμησάμην Il.21.595

, v.l. in Hes.Sc. 127 ([etym.] ἐφ-), never in Prose, exc.

ἐξ- X.HG6.5.20

codd.: more freq. in pass. form

ὡρμήθην Il.5.12

, al., Th.3.98, etc.: [tense] pf.

ὥρμημαι S.El.70

, E. El. 340, Th.6.33, etc.: [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3pl. [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf. ὁρμέαται and - έατο (with vv. ll. ὡρμ-) Hdt.5.121, 8.35 ; in Hom. codd. usu. have the augm., but Aristarch. read ὁρμήθησαν in Il.10.359: ([etym.] ὁρμή):

A [voice] Act.,

I causal, set in motion, urge on, cheer on,

τινὰ εἰς πόλεμον Il.6.338

, Th.1.127 ;

τινὰ ποτὶ κλέος Pi.O.10(11).21

;

τὸ στράτευμα ὁ. ἐπὶ τὰς Ἀθήνας Hdt.8.106

, cf. S.Aj. 174 (lyr.), E.Or. 352 (anap.);

ἡ φύσις ὁρμήσει τινὰ ἐπὶ πλεονεξίαν Pl.Lg. 875b

, cf. Ion 534c ;

[τὰ] ὁρμῶντα [σώματα] Hp.Epid.6.8.7

;

μέριμναν ὁρμήσασ' ἐπ' ἔργον E.Ph. 1064

(lyr.); ὁ. τινὰ ἐκ χερός tear from one's arms, Id.Hec. 143 (anap.):—[voice] Pass., ὁρμηθεὶς θεοῦ ἄρχετο inspired by the god he began, Od.8.499 ;

πρὸς θεῶν ὡρμημένος S.El.70

;

ὑπὸ ἔρωτος Pl.Smp. 181d

; ἵπποι.. ὁρμηθέντες ὑπὸ πληγῇσιν ἱμάσθλης urged on by.., Od.13.82.

2 with a thing as the object, stir up,

πόλεμον 18.376

: c. acc. et inf.,

τὰς διόδους τῶν πτερῶν.. ὥρμησε πτεροφυεῖν Pl.Phdr. 255d

:—[voice] Pass.,

ὡρμάθη πλαγά

was sped,

S.El. 196

(lyr.).

II more freq. intr., start,

1 c. inf., ἴρηξ ὃς ὁρμήσῃ διώκειν ὄρνεον ἄλλο starts in chase of.., Il.13.64; ὁσσάκι δ' ὁρμήσειε πυλάων.. ἀντίον ἀΐξασθαι whenever he started to rush for the gates, 22.194 ;

ὁσσάκι δ' ὁρμήσειε.. στῆναι ἐναντίβιον 21.265

; ἐξελαύνειν ὁρμῆσαι τὸν στρατόν began to lead out.., Hdt.1.76, cf.7.150 ;

νίκην ὁρμῶντ' ἀλαλάξαι

eager to..,

S.Ant. 133

(lyr.);

ὥρμα ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι τοῦ λόγου Pl.R. 336b

.

2 c. gen., rush headlong at one,

Τρώων Il.4.335

: more freq. with Preps.,

ὁ. ἐπί τινα Hes.Sc. 403

, Hdt. 1.1, etc.;

πύργωμα Καδμείων ἔπι E.Supp. 1220

;

εἴς τινας X.Cyr.7.1.17

;

καθ' αὑτούς Id.An.5.7.25

; also ὁ. ἐς μάχην hasten to battle, A.Pers. 394 ;

εἰς ἀγῶνα E.Ph. 259

(lyr.) ;

εἰς τὸ διώκειν X.An.1.8.25

;

ἐπὶ ἁρπαγάς Pl.R. 391d

;

ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους Th.7.34

; ὥρμασε ([dialect] Dor.)

ἐπὶ τὰ βασίλεια τῶν Σκυθᾶν SIG709.19

(Chersonesus, ii B. C.): without any sense of hostility, rush,

τᾶσδ' ἀπὸ πέτρας πηδήσασα πυρὸς ἔσω E.Supp. 1015

(lyr.);

ἐς πατρὸς δόμους Id.Med. 1178

; set out,

ἀπὸ [τῆς Οἰνόης] Th.2.19

;

ἐς φυγήν Hdt.7.179

, etc.;

εἰς τὸ ἐπ' ἐκεῖνα τῆς γῆς Pl.Phd. 112b

;

ἐπ' ἄλλον λόγον Antipho 3.4.5

;

ἐπὶ τὸ σκοπεῖν X.Mem.3.7.9

; ἐπὶ τραγῳδίαν ὥρμηκε has turned to tragedy, Alex.135.14 ; δηλώσεις.. τὴν φύσιν ἐπὶ τί μάλισθ' ὥρμηκε, i. e. what your natural bent is, ib.8 ;

φυσικῶς ἐπὶ τὴν ὀργὴν ὁρμᾶν Phld.Ir.93

W.;

πρὸς τὰς πράξεις Id.Mus.p.71

K.;

ἐπὶ φιλοσοφίαν Id.Acad.Ind.p.64

M. ;

πρὸς τὰς ὀχείας Arist.HA 546a15

: c. acc. cogn.,

ὁδόν X.An.3.1.8

;

στρατείαν Id.Cyr.8.6.20

.

3 abs., start, begin,

ὥσπερ ὡρμήσαμεν, ἴωμεν Pl.Prt. 314b

, cf. R. 425c; αἱ μάλιστα ὁρμήσασαι [νῆες] the ships that were hottest in pursuit, Th.8.34.

B [voice] Med. and [voice] Pass., like the intr. [voice] Act., A. II:

1 c. inf., μὴ φεύγειν ὁρμήσωνται that they put not themselves in motion, set not themselves to flee, Il.8.511 ; so

διώκειν ὁρμήθησαν 10.359

, cf. Od.4.282 ; ὡρμήθη κόρυθα κρατὸς ἀφαρπάξαι he rushed to snatch.., Il.13.188, cf. 182 ; ἦτορ ὡρμᾶτο πτολεμίζειν ἠδὲ μάχεσθαι was eager to.., 21.572 ; μᾶλλον ὅρμητο στρατεύεσθαι was eager to march, Hdt.7.1, cf. 19, al., Th.3.45 ; ὅδε ὁ λόγος ὅρμηται λέγεσθαι this account has begun to be given, Hdt.4.16, cf. 6.86.δ' ( λέγεσθαι is restored for λέγεται in 3.56); but λόγον, τὸν ὅρμητο λέγειν which he purposed to make, Id.5.50.

2 the object for or after which one goes is sts. in gen., Il.14.488, 21.595 : a case with a Prep.,

ὡρμήθησαν ἐπ' ἀνδράσιν Od.10.214

;

ἐπί τινα S.Aj.47

, etc.;

εἴς τινα X.Cyr.7.1.9

; μετά τινα after one, Il.17.605 ; so

ὁ. ἐπὶ τὸ ἱρόν Hdt.8.35

;

ἐς πύλας A.Th.31

;

πρὸς δόμους E.Hipp. 1152

;

ἐπ' ἀλήθειαν Pl.Sph. 228c

;

ἐς φυγήν Th.4.14

;

πρὸς τίσιν S.OC 1328

;

πρὸς τὸ κρατεῖν Pl.R. 581a

;

[ἡ ποίησις] πρὸς ἡδονὴν ὥρμηται Id.Grg. 502c

; οἱ περὶ λόγον ἢ παιδείαν ὁρμώμενοι persons keen about.., Vett.Val.199.5 : rarely c. acc. loci,

νερτέρας πλάκας S.OC 1576

(lyr.).

b the starting-point is expressed by

ἐκ, ὡρμᾶτ' ἐκ θαλάμοιο Il.3.142

, cf. 9.178, etc. ; or ἀπό, S.Tr. 156, Pl. Phd. 101d, etc.;

ἀπὸ φιλοσοφίας Phld.Rh.1.357

S.; or by a form in

-θεν, σέθεν.. ὕμνος ὁρμᾶται θέμεν αἶνον Pi.N.1.5

: in historical Prose, ὁρμᾶσθαι ἐκ.. start from, begin from, esp. of the place where one carries on any regular operations, ἐνθεῦτεν ὁρμώμενοι living there and going out from thence to do their daily work, Hdt.1.17 ; of fishers,

ἐκ πλοίων ὁρμώμενοι Id.3.98

; of a general, making that place his head-quarters or base of operations, Id.8.133, cf. 5.125, al., Th.1.64, 2.69, al.; ἀπ' ἐλασσόνων ὁρμώμενος setting out, beginning with smaller means, ib.65, cf. 1.144 ; of rivers,

ἐκ τῆς Ἴδης ὁ.

rising..,

Pl.Lg. 682b

.

3 abs., rush, dart, attack, Il.5.12, Od.12.126, al., S.OC 1068 (lyr.); also with ἔγχεϊ, ξιφέεσσι, etc., added, Il. 5.855, 17.530, 13.496, al.

b generally, hasten, be eager,

ὁρμώμενον δὲ μηδαμῶς μ' ἀντισπάσῃς A.Pr. 339

, cf. 395 ;

ἀλλ' ἥδε.. ὁρμᾶται

comes forth,

Id.Pers. 151

(anap.);

τὸ φέγγος ὁρμάσθω πυρός Id.Eu. 1029

; ὕβρις ἀτάρβητα ὁρμᾶται insolence goes fearless forth, S.Aj. 197 (lyr.).

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to fly' (Il.).

Other forms: Aor. πτάσθαι, πτέσθαι (all Il.); to this pres. πέταμαι (poet. since Sapph., Arist.) with aor. πετασθῆναι (Arist., LXX), ἴπταμαι (late; s. v.); aor. act. πτῆναι, ptc. πτάς etc. (poet. Hes., also hell. prose); fut. πτήσομαι (IA.), πετήσομαι (Ar.), perf. κατ-έπτηκα (Men.).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, δια-, εἰσ-, ἐκ-, κατα-, ὑπερ-. Compounds: a. - πέτης, Dor. - πέτας m.., e.g. ὑψι-πέτης, - ας m. `flying high' (Hom., Pi.), enlarged - ήεις (Hom.); b. - πετής, e.g. ὑπερπετ-ής `flying over' (hell.); c. ἐκπετ-ήσιμος `ready to fly' (Ar. a.o.; hypothesis on the formation in Arbenz 60); d. ἀερσι-πότης and - πότη-τος `flying high' (Hes., AP, Norm.); in spite of Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 95 rather to ποτάομαι as from ποτή.

Derivatives: 1. ποτή f. `flying, flight' (ε 337, h. Merc. 544 [v. l. πτερύγεσσι]); 2. πτῆσις f. `id.' (A., Arist.) with πτήσιμος (Jul.; Arbenz 61); πτῆμα n. `id.' (Suid.). 3. Adj. w. νο-suffix: a. πτηνός, Dor. πτᾱνός `winged, fledged' (Pi., trag., Pl.); b. πετεινός, - ηνός `id.' (Thgn.; Πετήνη Att. shipsname [inscr.]), hardly from *πέτος (cf. Chantraine Form. 196, Benveniste Origines 14), but rather direct from πέτομαι after φαεινός, ὀρεινός a.o.; πετηνός after πτηνός?; c. πετε-ηνός, - εινός `id.' (Il.), w. diektasis (Risch $ 35 d); d. ποτᾱνός `id.' (Pi., Epich., trag. in lyr.; - ηνός ep. poetry in Pl. Phdr. 252 b), prob. rather after ποτάομαι as with Detschew KZ 63, 228 from the rare ποτή. -- 4. Deverbat.: ποτάομαι, - έομαι, also w. ἀμφι-, περι-, ἐκ- a.o., `to fly, to flap' (Il.); πωτάομαι, also w. ἐκ-, ἐπι-, ὑπερ-, `id.' (Μ 287, h. Ap. 442 a.o.; cf. Schwyzer 719 n. 3); to this πωτήεις `flapping' (Nonn.), also πωτήματα pl. `flight' (A. Eu. 250; usu. with Dindorf corrected in ποτ-). -- On πτερόν, πτέρυξ s. vv.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [825] * peth₂- `fly, swoop down, fall'

Etymology: Beside the thematic πέτ-ο-μαι, πτ-έ-σθαι stands the athematic zero grade root-aorist πτά-σθαι, ἔ-πτα-το, πτά-μενος wie φθά-μενος ( φθί-μενος, φθί-σθαι, ἔ-φθι-το). The corresponding full grade in πτῆ-ναι, ἔ-πτᾱ-ν, πτή-σομαι can be old (s. however below). More doubtful is the originality of the disyll. πέτα-μαι, as analogy to πτά-σθαι after πτέ-σθαι: πέτο-μαι may be considered. Certain innovations are ἴπταμαι (after ἵσταμαι) and πετή-σομαι (after πέτομαι). Details w. lit. in Schwyzer 742 a. 681 w. n. 9. -- With πέτομαι agree formally, partly also semantically, Skt., OIr., Lat. a. Celt. forms, e.g. Skt. pátati, Av. pataiti `fly, fall, attack, hurry etc.', Lat. petō `move somewhere, hurry, look for, desire', OWelsh hedant `volant'; doubtful on the contrary the in any case diff. built Hitt. piddāi- (pittii̯ami, pittāizzi usw.) `run, hurry, flee'. Thus ποτέομαι and Skt. patáyati `fly, hurry' agree; however πωτάομαι is independent of Skt. pātáyati `let fall, throw down'. Further the Greek a. Skt. systems are apart. Beside the zero grade thematic Aorist πτ-έσθαι, ἐ-πτ-όμην stands in Skt. an also zero grade and thematic but reduplicated aor. a-pa-pt-at. The zero grade πτᾰ- in πτά-σθαι is found in forms like pa-pti-ma (pf. 1. pl.) (IE pth₂-); the corresponding full grade ptā- is however not represented in Skt. (so πτῆ-ναι analogical after φθῆ-ναι, στῆ-ναι a.o.?, Schwyzer 742). Thus the disyll. πετᾰ- in πέτα-μαι and pati- (e.g. fut. pati-ṣyáti) go without historical connection side by side. -- Further forms w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 19ff., Pok. 825f., W.-Hofmann s. petō. Cf. πίπτω, not πίτυλος.

Page in Frisk: 2,521-522

φοβέω (φέβομαι ‘flee in terror’; Hom. et al.; Wsd 17:9; Jos., Ant. 14, 456), in our lit. only pass. φοβέομαι (Hom.+; OGI 669, 59; SIG 1268 II, 17; pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., Just.; Mel., P. 98, 746 al.; Ath. 20, 2; R. 21 p. 75, 1) impf. ἐφοβούμην; 1 fut. φοβηθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐφοβήθην (Plut., Brut. 1002 [40, 9]; M. Ant. 9, 1, 7; Jer 40:9; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277; s. B-D-F §79).

① to be in an apprehensive state, be afraid, the aor. oft. in the sense become frightened

ⓐ intr., abs. (Iren. 1, 4, 2 [Harv. I 36, 4]) ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα they were terribly frightened (Ex 14:10; 1 Macc 12:52) Mt 17:6; 27:54. ἐπεστράφην φοβηθείς I turned around in terror Hv 4, 3, 7.—Mt 9:8; 14:30; 25:25; Mk 5:33; Ac 16:38. ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ for they were afraid Mk 16:8 (Mk 16:9–20 is now rarely considered a part of the original gospel of Mk, though many scholars doubt that the gosp. really ended w. the words ἐφ. γάρ. The original ending may have been lost; among the possible reasons given are the accidental loss of the last page of Mark’s own first copy [the same defect, at a very early stage, in the case of the 18th book of the Κεστοί of Jul. Africanus: WBauer, Orthodoxy etc. (Engl. tr. of 2d German ed. ’64) ’71, 159ff. S. also FKenyon, Papyrus Rolls and the Ending of St. Mk: JTS 40, ’39, 56f; CRoberts, The Ancient Book and the Ending of St. Mk: ibid. 253–57] or by purposeful suppression, perh. because it may have deviated fr. the other accounts of the resurrection [for the purposeful omission of the end of a document cp. Athen. 4, 61, 166d on the 10th book of Theopompus’ Philippica, ἀφʼ ἧς τινες τὸ τελευταῖον μέρος χωρίσαντες, ἐν ᾧ ἐστιν τὰ περὶ τῶν δημαγωγῶν. S. also Diog. L. 7, 34: a report of Isidorus of Pergamum on the systematic mutilation of books in the library there by Athenodorus the Stoic].—Those who conclude that nothing ever came after ἐφ. γάρ must either assume that the evangelist was prevented fr. finishing his work [Zahn et al.], or indeed intended to close the book w. these words [s. γάρ 1a]. For a short sentence, composed of a verb + γάρ s. also Epict. 3, 9, 19; 4, 8, 4; Artem. 4, 64; 1, 33 p. 35, 6; Plotinus, Ennead 5, 5, a treatise ending in γάρ [PvanderHorst, JTS 23, ’72, 121–24]; Musonius Rufus, Tr. XII; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 6, 7, 8; Libanius, Or. 53 p. 65, 20 F.; PMich 149 VI, 37 [II A.D.]. Among those favoring an ending w. γάρ: Wlh., Loisy, Lohmeyer ad loc.; ABauer, WienerStud 34, 1912, 306ff; LBrun, D. Auferst. Christi 1925, 10ff; OLinton, ThBl 8, 1929, 229–34; JCreed, JTS 31, 1930, 175–80; MGoguel, La foi à la résurr. de Jésus ’33, 176ff; HMosbech, Mkevangeliets Slutning: SEÅ 5, ’40, 56–73; WAllen, JTS 47, ’46, 46–49 [‘feel reverential awe’]; ibid. 48, ’47, 201–3. S. also EGoodspeed, Exp. 8th ser., 18, 1919, 155–60; reconstruction of the ‘lost’ ending, in Engl., by Goodsp. in his Introd. to the NT ’37, 156; HProbyn, Exp. 9th ser., 4, 1925, 120–25; RKevin, JBL 45, 1926, 81–103; MEnslin, ibid. 46, 1927, 62–68; HCadbury, ibid. 344f; MRist, ATR 14, ’32, 143–51; WKnox, HTR 35, ’42, 13ff; EHelzle, Der Schluss des Mk, ’59, diss. Tübingen; FDanker, CTM 38, ’67, 26f; JLuzarraga, Biblica 50, ’69, 497–510; KAland, MBlack Festschr., ’69, 157–80, NTEntwürfe, ’79, 246–83). φοβοῦμαι μᾶλλον I am all the more fearful IPhld 5:1. μὴ φοβηθῆτε do not be afraid Mt 10:31 v.l. (μή 1cεא). μὴ φοβοῦ, μὴ φοβεῖσθε you must no longer be afraid, stop being afraid (μή 1cγא) Mt 10:31; 14:27; 17:7; Mk 5:36; Lk 1:13, 30; 2:10; 5:10; 8:50; 12:7 al. LKöhler, D. Offenbarungsformel ‘Fürchte dich nicht!’: SchTZ 36, 1919, 33ff.—W. acc. of inner obj. (B-D-F §153; Rob. 468; Pla., Prot. 360b; Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 586 D.: φοβοῦμαι φόβον; Did., Gen. 230, 1; on LXX usage s. Johannessohn, Kasus 73) ὁ φόβος ὸ̔ν δεῖ σε φοβηθῆναι the fear which you must have Hm 7:1c. ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν (Jon 1:10; 1 Macc 10:8; TestAbr. B 13 p. 117, 17f [Stone p. 82]; JosAs 6:1) they were very much afraid Mk 4:41; Lk 2:9. If the nouns are to be taken in the pass. sense, this is also the place for τὸν φόβον αὐτῶν (objective gen.) μὴ φοβηθῆτε 1 Pt 3:14 (cp. Is 8:12) and μὴ φοβούμεναι μηδεμίαν πτόησιν vs. 6 (πτόησις 2); s. 1bγ below.—A recognizable Hellenic expr. (cp. ὁ ἀπὸ τῶν πολεμίων φόβος=fear in the face of the enemy), though encouraged by OT usage (Lev 26:2; Dt 1:29; Jer 1:8, 17; Jdth 5:23; 1 Macc 2:62; 8:12; En 106:4; Helbing 29; B-D-F §149; Rob. 577) φοβ. ἀπό τινος be afraid of someone Mt 10:28a; Lk 12:4; 1 Cl 56:11 (Job 5:22).—Foll. by gen. absol. 56:10. Foll. by μή and the aor. subj. to denote that which one fears (Thu. 1, 36, 1; Aesop, Fab. 317 H.=356a P.; Alex. Aphr. 31, II/2 p. 203, 20 τὸν Ἀπόλλω φοβεῖσθαι μή τι παρελθῇ τούτων ἄπρακτον=Apollo is concerned [almost as much as ‘sees to it’] that nothing of this remains undone; Jos., Ant. 10, 8, Vi. 252) Ac 23:10; 27:17; ITr 5:1; Hs 9, 20, 2. Foll. by μήποτε (Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36, 2, 4 Jac. p. 1172, 30 φοβοῦμαι περὶ ὑμῶν, μήποτε; JosAs 7:3; ApcMos 16 al.): Hm 12, 5, 3. φοβηθῶμεν μήποτε δοκῇ τις Hb 4:1; μήπου (v.l. μήπως; ParJer 5:5) Ac 27:29; 2 Cor 11:3; 12:20. A notable feature is the prolepsis of the obj. (cp. Soph., Oed. R. 767; Thu. 4, 8, 7) φοβοῦμαι ὑμᾶς μήπως εἰκῇ κεκοπίακα εἰς ὑμᾶς I am afraid my work with you may be wasted Gal 4:11 (B-D-F §476, 3; Rob. 423).—W. inf. foll. be afraid to do or shrink from doing someth. (B-D-F §392, 1b.—X., An. 1, 3, 17 al.; Gen 19:30; 26:7; ApcMos 10:18) Mt 1:20; 2:22; Mk 9:32; Lk 9:45; 2 Cl 5:1.—φοβεῖσθαι abs. in the sense take care (Just., D. 78, 4) πλέον φοβεῖσθαι be more careful than usually ITr 4:1.

ⓑ trans. fear someone or someth.

α. pers. τινά someone (X., An. 3, 2, 19 al.; PGM 4, 2171; Num 21:34; Dt 3:2; Jos., Ant. 13, 26; Just., D. 83, 1) μὴ φοβηθῆτε αὐτούς Mt 10:26. Ἡρῴδης ἐφοβεῖτο τὸν Ἰωάννην Mt 6:20. τοὺς Ἰουδαίους J 9:22.—Gal 2:12; 2:5b (saying of Jesus). God (Did., Gen. 64, 15; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 11]) Mt 10:28b; Lk 12:5abc; 23:40; 2:5c (saying of Jesus). The crowd Mt 14:5; 21:26, 46; Mk 11:32; 12:12; Lk 20:19; 22:2; Ac 5:26 (foll. by μή). τὴν ἐξουσίαν (ἐξουσία 5a) Ro 13:3. The angel of repentance Hm 12, 4, 1; Hs 6, 2, 5. The Christian is to have no fear of the devil Hm 7:2a; 12, 4, 6f; 12, 5, 2.

β. animals (in imagery) μὴ φοβείσθωσαν τὰ ἀρνία τοὺς λύκους 2:5a (saying of Jesus, fr. an unknown source).

γ. things τὶ someth. (X., Hell. 4, 4, 8 al.; En 103:4; ApcEsdr 7:2 τὸν θάνατον; Just., D. 1, 5 κόλασιν; Ath., R. 21 p. 75, 1 οὐδέν; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 90; 2, 232) τὸ διάταγμα τοῦ βασιλέως Hb 11:23. τὸν θυμὸν τοῦ βασιλέως vs. 27. τὴν κρίσιν 2 Cl 18:2. τὸν ὄντως θάνατον Dg 10:7. φοβοῦμαι τὴν ὑμῶν ἀγάπην, μὴ … IRo 1:2. τὰ ὅπλα (in imagery) Hm 12, 2, 4.—1 Pt 3:14 and 6 belong here if the nouns in them are to be taken in an act. sense; s. 1a above.—Fear, avoid, shun τὶ someth. (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 41, 9 Δαρεῖος τὸ ἅρμα φοβηθείς) τὴν πλάνην τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν B 12:10. τὰ ἔργα τοῦ διαβόλου Hm 7:3ac.—AVStröm, Der Hirt des Hermas, Allegorie oder Wirklichkeit? Ntl. Sem. Uppsala 3, ’36.

② to have a profound measure of respect for, (have) reverence, respect, w. special ref. to fear of offending

ⓐ God: fear (differently 1bα) in the sense reverence (Aeschyl., Suppl. 893 δαίμονας; Isocr. 1, 16 τοὺς μὲν θεοὺς φοβοῦ, τοὺς δὲ γονεῖς τίμα; Pla., Leg. 11, 927a; Lysias 9, 17; 32, 17; Plut., De Superstit. 2, 165b; LXX; PsSol 4:21; TestJob 43:9 [τὸν κύριον]; JosAs 2:5 [deities]; Philo, Migr. Abr. 21 [after Gen 42:18]. Cp. PTebt 59, 10 [II B.C.] φοβεῖσθαι καὶ σέβεσθαι τὸ ἱερόν) Lk 1:50 (anticipates the οἱ φοβούμενοι in Ac: H-JKlauck, NTS 43, ’97, 134–39); 18:2, 4 (was Ex 23:1–3 his motto: even God could not bribe him?); Ac 10:35; 1 Pt 2:17; Rv 14:7; 19:5; 1 Cl 21:7; 23:1; 28:1; 45:6; B 10:10f (τὸν κύριον); 19:2, 7; Hm 1:2; 7:1, 4f; Hs 5, 1, 5; 8, 11, 2; D 4:10. Also τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ θεοῦ (2 Esdr 11) Rv 11:18.—φοβούμενοι τὸν θεόν as a t.t.=σεβόμενοι τὸν θεόν (σέβω 1b; t.t. disputed by MWilcox, JSNT 13, ’81, 102–22; cp. TFinn, CBQ 47, ’85, 75–84; ILevinskaya, The Book of Acts in Its Diaspora Setting [BAFCS V] ’96, 51–126; BWander, Gottesfürchtige und Sympathisanten [WUNT 104] ’98, esp. 80–86; 180–203) Ac 13:16, 26 (Just., D. 10, 4 al.; sing. 10:2, 22).—τὸν κύριον (PsSol 2:33; 3:12 al.; JosAs 8:9) Christ: Col 3:22.—WAllen (s. 1a above) interprets Mk 16:8 to mean reverence for the divine.

ⓑ pers. who command respect (Plut., Galba 1054 [3, 4]; Herodian 3, 13, 2; Lev 19:3 φοβ. πατέρα καὶ μητέρα; Jos., Ant. 19, 345): of a wife ἵνα φοβῆται τὸν ἄνδρα Eph 5:33. τὸν ἐπίσκοπον IEph 6:1.—RAC VIII 661–99; TRE XI 756–59; Schmidt, Syn. III 507–36. DELG s.v. φέβομαι II. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

φοβέω, [ per.] 3pl. imper.

A

φοβεόντων Hdt.7.235

: [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf.

φοβέεσκον Hes.Sc. 162

: [tense] fut.

- ήσω E.Heracl. 357

(lyr.), ([etym.] ἐκ-) Th.4.126 (dub.): [tense] aor.

ἐφόβησα Il.15.15

, etc.:—[voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., [dialect] Ion. 2 sing.

φοβέαι Hdt.1.39

; [dialect] Ion. imper. φοβεῦ or φοβέο, Id.1.9, 7.52: [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl. [tense] impf.

φοβέοντο Il.6.41

: [tense] fut.

φοβήσομαι 22.250

, Pl.Lg. 649c, D.15.23, etc.;

φοβηθήσομαι X.Cyr.3.3.30

, Plu.Brut.40, Luc.Zeux.9, v.l. in Pl.R. 470a: [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.

ἐφοβήθην Hdt.8.27

, etc., [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl. ἐφόβηθεν or φόβηθεν, Il.15.326,5.498; [tense] aor. [voice] Med. ἐφοβησάμην only Anacreont.31.11: [tense] pf.

πεφόβημαι Il.10.510

, etc.: [tense] plpf. [ per.] 3pl.

ἐπεφόβηντο X.HG7.4.32

, Th.5.50, [dialect] Ep.

πεφοβήατο Il.21.206

.

A [voice] Act., in Hom. (never in Od.) always in the sense put to flight, [

ἴρηξ] ἐφόβησε κολοιούς Il.16.583

; [Ζεὺς] καὶ ἄλκιμον ἄνδρα φοβεῖ ib. 689;

Τρώων οὓς ἐφόβησας 22.11

;

φοβῆσαίτε στίχας ἀνδρῶν 17.505

;

σὸς δόλος.. ἐφόβησε δὲ λαούς 15.15

;

σέ γέ φημι.. δουρὶ φοβῆσαι 20.187

; once in Hes., φοβέεσκον ἐπὶ χθονὶ φῦλ' ἀνθρώπων l.c.

II terrify, alarm, Hdt.7.235, etc.;

μὴ φίλους φόβει A.Th. 262

;

ᾧ μή 'στι δρῶντι τάρβος οὐδ' ἔπος φοβεῖ S.OT 296

, cf. 1013, E.Hipp. 572 (lyr.);

ἡ δύναμις τῶν νέων φοβοῦσά τινας Antipho 4.3.2

;

αἱ κάμηλοι ἐφόβουν τους ἵππους X.Cyr.7.1.48

;

ρὸν Ἀλκιβιάδην ἐφόβουν, μὴ.. ἐπαγάγωνται Th.5.45

; c. dat.modi,

λόγοις A.Pers. 215

(troch.);

μεγαληγορίαισι φρένας E.Heracl. 357

(lyr.); τῷ μὲν Τισσαφέρνει τοὺς Ἀθηναίους φ., ἐκείνοις δὲ τὸν Τισσαφέρνην to frighten the Athenians with T., and T. with the Athenians, Th.8.82; c. part., λέγοντες φ. τινάς by saying, X.Eq.Mag.1.8; λέγοντες ὡς ἥξει βασιλεύς D 14.25: abs.,

πόνος ὁ μὴ φοβῶν κράτιστος S.Ph. 864

(lyr.),

φοβήσαντες κατεστήσαντο τὴν πολιτείαν

by terror,

Pl.R. 551b

.

2 c.acc. rei, threaten with,

φ. λιμόν D.H.6.51

.

B [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., in Hom. always in the sense to be put to flight (cf. Sch.A Il.5.223, al.), once in Od.,

κύνες.. διὰ σταθμοῖο φόβηθεν 16.163

; freq. in Il.,

ὑπέμειναν ἀολλέες οὐδὲ φόβηθεν 5.498

;

τοὶ δ' ἐφόβηθεν.. θεσπεσίῳ ὁμάδῳ 16.294

;

κὰμ μέσσον πεδίον φοβέοντο βόες ὣς ἅς τε λέων ἐφόβησε 11.172

; also part.,

μὴ καὶ πεφοβημένος ἔλθης 10.510

, cf. 15.4, 21.606;

φοβηθεὶς δύσεθ' ἁλὸς κατὰ κῦμα

in flight,

6.135

;

βῆ δὲ φοβηθείς 22.137

: ὑπό τινος φοβέεσθαι to flee before him, 8.149;

ὑπό τινι 15.637

; c. acc.,

οὔ σ' ἔτι.. φοβήσομαι ὡς τὸ πάρος περ 22.250

.

II to be seized with fear, be affrighted, Hdt. 9.70, E.Tr. 1166, etc.—Constr.,

1 abs.,

πεφόβημαι πτηνῆς ὡς ὄμμα πελείας S.Aj. 139

(anap.); φοβηθέντες ᾤχοντο φεύγοντες flying in terror, Aeschin.1.43; ἃ μὴ οἶδα.. οὐδέποτε φοβήσομαι οὐδὲ φεύξομαι, Pl.Ap. 29b, etc.: c. dat. instrum.,

μάστιγι φ. E.Rh.37

(anap.): c. acc. cogn.,

φ. αἰσχροὺς φόβους Pl.Prt. 360b

;

ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν Ev.Marc.4.41

;

τὸν φόβον αὐτῶν μὴ φοβηθῆτε 1 Ep.Pet.3.14

.

2 folld. by Preps., φ. ἀπό τινος to be afraid of one (prob. a Hebraism), LXXLe.26.2, Je.1.8, Ev.Matt.10.28, Ev.Luc.12.4; ἔκ τινος from some cause, S.Tr. 671; εἴς τι to be alarmed at a thing, Id.OT 980;

πρός τι Id.Tr. 1211

, Luc.Prom.Es4, Lib.Or.50.18; ἐπί τινι fear for.. Luc. DMar.14.4; but φ. ἀμφὶ γυναικί fear about.., Hdt.6.62;

περὶ ἡμῶν X. Cyr.5.2.35

, etc.;

περί τινι Pl.Euthd. 275b

(

περὶ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς τὸ κατάδηλον Th.4.123

);

περὶ χωρίῳ Id.2.90

;

ὑπὲρ τῶν μελλόντων And.4.36

;

περί τι Pl.Cra. 404e

;

πρὸς ἀνδρὸς ἢ τέκνων S.Tr. 150

.

3 folld. by a relat. clause, φοβεῑσθαι μὴ .. fear lest a thing will be.., E.Or. 770 (troch.), Ar. Pax 606 (troch.), Th.1.95, etc.; φ. ὅπως μὴ .. Id.6.13, X.Mem.2.9.3; φ. μὴ οὐ .. Id.Oec.16.6; freq. c.acc. folld. by μή, ταῦτ' οὖν φοβοῦμαι, μὴ .. S.Tr. 550, cf. X.An.7.1.2; φ. τοὺς οὐσίαν κεκτημένους, μὴ .. Pl.Phdr. 232c, cf. Th.1.88, etc.; φ. ὑπέρ τινος, μὴ .. Pl.R. 387c; c. inf. folld. by

μή, φοβοίμην ἂν τῷ ἡγεμόνι ἕπεσθαι, μὴ ἀγάγῃ κτλ. X.An.1.3.17

, cf. Pl.Tht. 143e, Grg. 457e: also φ. ὅτι.., = φ. μὴ .., in a more positive sense, X.Cyr.3.1.1, D.C.52.26; φ. τόδε, ὅτι .. Th.7.67 (but φ. τὸ κάεσθαι, ὅτι ἀλγεινόν because.., Pl.Grg. 479a): διὰ τοῦτο φ. τινας, o(/ti .. lsoc.6.60; less freq. φ. ὡς .. X.Cyr.5.2.12; φ. πῶς χρὴ .. ib.4.5.19; φ. εἰ δεήσει .. ib.6.1.17.

4 c. inf. with Art.,

φ. τὸ ἀποθνῄσκειν Pl.Grg. 522e

, etc.: more freq. c. inf. alone, fear to do, be afraid of doing, A.Ch.46 (lyr.), S.Aj. 253 (lyr.), E. Ion 628, etc.: c. inf. [tense] fut., Th. 5.105.

5 c. acc. pers., stand in awe of, dread,

δαίμονας τοὺς ἐνθάδε A.Supp. 893

;

στρατὸν Ἀχαιῶν S.Ph. 1250

;

τοὺς ἄνω θεούς Pl.Lg. 927b

, cf. Isoc.1.16, etc.;

τὰς κύνας X.Cyn.5.16

, etc.

6 c. acc. rei, fear or fear about a thing,

βρόμον A.Th. 476

;

τὸ προσέρπον S.Aj. 227

(lyr.);

μέμψιν E.Alc. 1057

;

τὸ τοιοῦτον σῶμα Pl.Phdr. 239d

;

δουλείαν καὶ δεσμόν X.Cyr.3.1.24

.

7 c. gen., πεφοβημένος νυκτός, θαλάσσης, Arat.290, 766.

8 c. part.,

προδιδοὺς φοβηθείς Lycurg.17

.